Desalination: Leveraging the potential of seawater to provide drinking water
August 16, 2023
Desalination can provide communities in need with clean, safe drinking water. But how can we decarbonise the process in Australia and beyond?
One of the biggest challenges that society faces today—and will continue to face in the future—is providing clean drinking water to communities in need.
From regions with arid climates that have relatively no water to begin with, to regions like the southwestern United States (US) that are experiencing prolonged drought, we can see how the global water crisis is affecting communities across the board. Likewise, Australia is the driest inhabited continent in the world. It also experiences periods of prolonged drought—the most severe being the Millennium Drought between 2007 and 2010. So, what tools do we have at our disposal to produce more clean drinking water? The desalination of seawater could be the answer.
The process of desalination removes salt from seawater to produce fresh water for people to use and consume. It is being eyed as one possible solution to the water crisis. After all, seawater accounts for more than 96 percent of all water on Earth. So, if we can find a way to leverage that seawater through desalination, we should have more than enough fresh water for society heading forward.
But the process of desalination has faced criticism for being too costly or environmentally damaging—and the biggest concern is that it is too carbon intensive. This is where we can see the water crisis and the energy transition merge. We need clean water, but we also need to reduce the amount of carbon emissions being released into the atmosphere. Can we achieve both?
Below, we’ll explore the process of desalination and how it can provide clean drinking water for communities in need.
The process of desalination removes salt from seawater to produce fresh water for people to use and consume.
Desalination 101: The basics
There are two main methods of desalination. The first is thermal-based distillation, where heat is used to boil seawater and remove salt in the process. This is the traditional method for desalination that’s been used for centuries dating back to ships using desalination during long voyages. It is preferable to site these desalination plants near powerplants so they can leverage waste heat for the process.
The second main method of desalination is through reverse osmosis. The process of reverse osmosis involves pushing seawater through a membrane to separate water from its salt component. This is a fairly new technology as the first desalination plant to use reverse osmosis in the US was commissioned in California in the 1970s. It has become the trend in recent years because it is more efficient than thermal-based distillation. However, the process requires much more energy.
It's clear that we have proficient desalination technology at our disposal to produce clean drinking water. But the energy-intense process typically results in large amounts of greenhouse gas emissions. What if we were able to decarbonise the process?
A reverse osmosis system used to treat water.
Decarbonising the desalination process
If the industry hopes to get the green light for more desalination projects, more effort will need to be put into reducing the carbon intensity of the process. This can be done in a few ways. From capturing carbon emissions, to reducing the carbon intensity of fuels with hydrogen, to implementing renewable energy sources, it will require an all-in approach to decarbonise the desalination process. Let’s explore each of these concepts below.
- Carbon capture, utilisation, and storage: One of the first ways we can reduce the emissions at desalination plants is by capturing the carbon before it gets released into the atmosphere. This is called carbon capture, utilisation, storage (CCUS), and it can be implemented at desalination plants to demonstrate a commitment to limiting emissions. Even better, the captured carbon can be used for things like fertiliser production.
- Blending hydrogen: Another way to reduce the carbon intensity of desalination is by mixing hydrogen into the fuels we use to power the process. Hydrogen is the most abundant element in the universe. It also has several attributes that make it a great energy carrier. It is nontoxic, light, reactive, and does not emit any carbon dioxide upon combustion. By blending hydrogen into our fuels, we can reduce the carbon intensity by up to 20 percent.
- Leveraging renewables: Perhaps the best way to decarbonise the process is by removing carbon from the equation all together. This is achievable through renewables like solar power, wind power, hydropower, biofuels, and more. The challenge here is that the desalination process requires a lot of energy—and that would necessitate an incredible amount of wind turbines and solar panels to operate solely using renewable energy. An all-hands on deck approach is necessary.
If we can figure out a way to sustainably leverage seawater, we will be able to provide bountiful fresh water for communities in need.
Mitigating other environmental impacts
While decarbonising the desalination process is sure to help sell these kinds of projects to the public, there are still other concerns from environmental advocates. It’s not just about the intense energy use and carbon emissions that worry environmentalists—they fear other kinds of consequences as well.
One of the main concerns from the environmental community is a by-product of the desalination process: brine. Brine is a sodium-rich residue that forms as the seawater breaks down into fresh water and salt. It must be properly treated and disposed of to avoid any damage to the environment. The good news? Brine can be used for things like food production and fertiliser, so there are benefits to brine as a by-product.
Another environmental concern is the intake of seawater from the ocean. Critics believe that these intake systems can potentially cause harm to underwater ecosystems and the species that reside there. There are similar concerns about the outflow of water back into the ocean. Is the water being treated responsibly? Or is there still some residual brine that could potentially damage the environment? These are questions that need answering before these types of projects can be successfully delivered.
Sources of renewable energy like offshore wind power can help to reduce the carbon intensity of the desalination process.
Desalination in practice
There are currently more than 17,000 desalination plants around the globe. Most of them are in the Middle East in countries like Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates. This shouldn’t be a surprise, as the arid region has virtually no fresh water sources—at least not enough to sustainably serve the population. But it is somewhat surprising that out of all the desalination plants in the world, less than 200 of them exist in the US. That trend could likely change, particularly in the western US where droughts are becoming more frequent. Each major city in Australia, includes desalinated water as part of its water supply security strategy. Australia has six large seawater desalination plants, with Perth currently installing its third facility.
Let’s start by looking in the Middle East, where desalination is an extremely common practice. The reason is simple: they need water—badly. They also have an abundance of energy as the region sits on massive oil and gas reserves. That’s why thermal-based distillation makes sense in these areas. Why? Because desalination plants are placed right next to powerplants so they can leverage the electricity and waste heat to power the process. While this process is less efficient and more water is wasted, it does reduce the energy intensity.
Desalination projects can face more hurdles in regions where stricter energy use policies are in place. This is particularly true in states like California that have ambitious energy decarbonisation targets. Desalination projects in the state face stiff pushback from environmental advocates who believe these projects are not only just energy intensive but also damage the environment in other ways. These include harm to ocean ecosystems, species habitats, and more. So, while decarbonising the desalination process can help to relieve some concerns, there are still more roadblocks to successful project implementation in the US.
Similar trends are seen in Australia. Stringent environmental conditions apply to these plants, both for the terrestrial and marine environment, as well as including consideration of renewable energy.
Modern desalination plant on the shores of the Arabian Gulf.
Providing safe drinking water while reducing carbon emissions
As we continue to navigate through the energy transition, we must understand two certain truths. We must continue to reduce the amount of greenhouse gas emissions being released into the atmosphere. And we also need clean and safe water. Less than 3 percent of all of Earth’s water is fresh water. So, if we can figure out a way to sustainably leverage seawater, we will be able to provide bountiful fresh water for communities in need.
Reducing the carbon intensity of the desalination process will help make these projects more achievable. And that will need to continue to be our focus as we combat the global water and climate crises.
A version of this blog first appeared on our global site as “Desalination: Leveraging the potential of seawater" in Stantec ERA.